Ikonos, ikonos imagery, ikonos satellite

IKONOS

Click to view an animation of the
IKONOS Orbit Path
Courtesy: Space Imaging South East Asia (SISEA),
Overview
IKONOS, derived from the Greek word for "image," was launched in 1999, it moves over the ground at approximately seven kilometers per second, IKONOS collects 1-meter panchromatic and 4-meter multispectral data at a rate of over 2,000 square kilometers per minute. IKONOS orbits the Earth every 98 minutes at an altitude of approximately 680 kilometers or 423 miles. The satellite travels a sun-synchronous orbit, passing a given longitude at the same local time (10:30 A.M.) daily.

Moving over the ground at approximately seven kilometers per second, IKONOS collects black-and-white and multispectral data at a rate of over 2,000 square kilometers per minute. IKONOS satellite imagery provides access to any location on the Earth’s surface.

Sensor Information
 
Launch Date 24 September 1999 Vandenberg Air Force Base, California
Operational Life Over 8.5 Years
Orbit 98.1 degree, sun synchronous
Speed on Orbit 7.5 kilometers (4.7 miles) per second
Speed Over the Ground 6.8 kilometers (4.2 miles) per second
Number of Revolutions Around the Earth 14.7 every 24 hours
Orbit Time Around the Earth 98 minutes
Altitude 681 kilometers (423 miles)
Resolution Nadir: 0.82 meters (2.7 feet) panchromatic 3.2 meters (10.5 feet) multispectral 26° Off-Nadir 1.0 meter (3.3 feet) panchromatic 4.0 meters (13.1 feet) multispectral
Image Swath 11.3 kilometers (7.0 miles) at nadir 13.8 kilometers (8.6 miles at 26° off-nadir)
Equator Crossing Time Nominally 10:30 a.m. solar time
Revisit Time Approximately 3 days at 1-meter resolution, 40° latitude
Dynamic Range 11-bits per pixel
Image Bands Panchromatic, blue, green, red, near infrared

Product Types
Ikonos Imagery Products are available in three  different product types.
GEORECTIFIED PRODUCTS
 
GEO PRODUCT SUITE
GeoEye’s line of 1m and 4m Geo products are ideal for visual and interpretive applications such as intelligence or visualization that do not require high positional accuracy.
All Geo products are map projected—rectified to a datum and map projection system. To produce a Geo product, GeoEye uses a correction process that removes image distortions introduced by the collection geometry and then resamples the imagery to a uniform ground sample distance (GSD) and a specified map projection. Because Geo images are not orthorectified, their accuracy is limited by terrain displacement.

Typically, Geo products are developed from IKONOS images captured at an elevation angle between 60 and 90 degrees from the Earth’s horizon. Because multiple Geo images in a single order are not mosaicked, tonal variations may be evident among images.
IKONOS Product Levels at a Glance
GEO ORTHO KIT
A subset of the Geo product line, the Geo Ortho Kit is tailored for sophisticated users such as photogrammetrists who want to control the orthorectification process.
Geo Ortho Kit images include the camera geometry obtained at the time of image collection. Applying Geo Ortho Kit imagery, customers can produce their own highly accurate orthorectified products by using commercial off the shelf (COTS) software, digital elevation models (DEMs) and optional ground control.
IKONOS collects 1m and 4m Geo Ortho Kit imagery at an elevation angle between 60 and 90 degrees. To increase the positional accuracy of the final orthorectified imagery, customers can upgrade IKONOS’ elevation angle to be between 72 and 90 degrees.
ORTHORECTIFIED PRODUCTS
 
STANDARD ORTHO PRODUCT SUITE
A subset of the Geo product line, the Geo Ortho Kit is tailored for sophisticated users such as photogrammetrists who want to control the orthorectification process.
Geo Ortho Kit images include the camera geometry obtained at the time of image collection. Applying Geo Ortho Kit imagery, customers can produce their own highly accurate orthorectified products by using commercial off the shelf (COTS) software, digital elevation models (DEMs) and optional ground control.
IKONOS collects 1m and 4m Geo Ortho Kit imagery at an elevation angle between 60 and 90 degrees. To increase the positional accuracy of the final orthorectified imagery, customers can upgrade IKONOS’ elevation angle to be between 72 and 90 degrees.
REFERENCE PRODUCT SUITE
GeoEye designed 1m and 4m Reference products to be suitable for regional mapping, in addition to projects requiring an orthorectified image product with accuracy suitable for 1:50,000 mapping applications. IKONOS collects Reference imagery at an elevation angle between 60 and 90 degrees. GeoEye orthocorrects and mosaicks all Reference-level imagery to a minimum accuracy of 25 meters CE90.
PRO PRODUCT SUITE
Pro-level products are perfect for projects requiring high-resolution imagery and medium-scale accuracy when ground control may be costly, difficult or impossible to acquire.
The 1m and 4m Pro products are the most accurate, orthorectified imagery derived from IKONOS that do not require ground control. Consistent within the 10-meter CE90 accuracy level, the Pro product line provides global access to 1:12,000 NMAS imagery.
IKONOS Pro imagery is typically collected at a slightly higher elevation angle—between 66 and 90 degrees—to ensure positional accuracy.
PRECISION PRODUCT SUITE
With a 1:4,800 NMAS map accuracy level, GeoEye’s Precision products support most regional and large-scale urban planning projects. IKONOS typically collects imagery for the 1m and 4m Precision products at elevation angles between 72 and 90 degrees. To increase positional accuracy, GeoEye uses ground control and high-quality elevation models for all Precision products.
PRECISIONPLUS PRODUCT SUITE
PrecisionPlus, the most positionally accurate product offered by GeoEye, provides the spatial accuracy necessary for most urban planning applications, as well as cadastral and infrastructure mapping requirements.
With a two-meter CE90 accuracy, PrecisionPlus is only available in one-meter black-and-white and one-meter color. To meet these premier accuracy levels, GeoEye uses high-precision ground control and precise terrain models to create PrecisionPlus products.
Stereo Products
Stereo imagery is available at one-meter resolution for the Reference and Precision accuracy levels. GeoEye provides the stereo imagery pairs with a rational polynomial coefficient (RPC) camera model file. The RPC file provides camera model data to popular software packages for photogrammetric extraction of 3D feature coordinates, digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthorectified imagery. 
Each stereo pair contains an image collected at a low elevation angle (above 60 degrees) as well as an image collected at a higher elevation angle (above 72 degrees) with 30°-45° convergence (0.54 to 0.83 base-to-height ratio).
Reference Stereo products have a horizontal accuracy of 25 meters CE90 and a vertical accuracy of 22 meters LE90. Precision Stereo products have a horizontal accuracy of four meters CE90 and a vertical accuracy of five meters LE90.
Ikonos Product Levels
Geoeye categorizes the imagery products gathered from IKONOS according to positional accuracy, which is determined by the reliability of an object in the image to be within the specified accuracy of the actual location of the object on the ground.

Within each IKONOS-derived product, location error is defined by a circular error at 90% confidence (CE90), which means that locations of objects are represented on the image within the stated accuracy 90% of the time.

This CE90 accuracy level can be related to Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as well as the U.S. National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS). The following chart outlines product details.
Product Level Processing Positional Accuracy NMAS
CE90 RMSE
Geo Ortho Kit System corrected Better than 15.0 meters* N/A N/A
Standard  Ortho Orthorectified Better than 50.0 ** meters Better than 25.0 meters 1:100,000
Reference Orthorectified Better than 25.4 meters Better than 11.8 meters 1:50,000
Pro Orthorectified Better than 10.2 meters Better than 4.8 meters 1:12,000
Precision Orthorectified Better than 4.1 meters Better than 1.9 meters 1:4,800
Precision Plus Orthorectified Better than 2.0 meters Better than 0.9 meters 1:2,400
* Exclusive of terrain effects
** May be up to 75 meters CE90 in undeveloped areas with high terrain relief (e.g., Andes or Himalayan mountain ranges)
Ordering Requirements
Minimum area requirement for archived Ikonos imagery is 49 sqkm. In case of new collection the minimum area to be ordered would be 100sqkm
IKONOS Elevation Products

Ikonos, ikonos imagery, ikonos satellite
IKONOS Terrain Model
The ITM-1 is the first seamless, high-quality and consistent terrain data set globally available and derived from the IKONOS high-resolution imaging satellite. The terrain models are edge-matched, cleaned for data anomalies, and seamlessly mosaicked to be consistent with GeoEye's high quality standards and value expectations. These advantages translate to immediate productivity.
ITM-1 will establish the foundation of any geographic information and mapping system, and forms the basis for three-dimensional visualization, hydrology, degree and stability of slopes, least-cost-path analysis applications and other critical geographic modeling. Other applications include site planning for telecommunications, 3D terrain visualization for flight simulation, topographic map production, and photogrammetric digital image orthorectification.
ITM-1 Technical Specifications :
Feature Advantage Benefit
IKONOS in-track stereo pairs Better Interpretation Tonal Consistency
Coverage between +- 82 degree latitude Your AOI covered >90% earth surface potentially mapped
'Bald Earth' terrain model More accurate elevation data No trees and buildings
Meets NIMA DTED Level I & II Specs   Increase revenue and market
Meets NMAS 1:50,000 Foundation of any GIS Popular 'Base map' accuracy standard
1 arc second (30 m) post spacing " "
25m (CE 90) 11.5m (LE 90). " "
Third dimensional ingredient to your GIS Stratification by elevation Increase LULC accuracy
" Increase accuracy Ortho-rectify imagery
" Planning tool Visualize Imagery and Vectors
Standard formats Ingest to your GIS Integration with GIS software packages
Terrain Model-2 is a globally available DEM created using a proprietary process using IKONOS® and ASTER imagery.  ASTER (Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) is an imaging instrument on board the Terra satellite that was launched in December 1999 as part of NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS).
Terrain Model-2 is targeted at markets outside of the United States where quality DEMs are often very difficult to obtain. The key advantage of the product is that it is affordably priced and available worldwide.   There may be limited cases were ASTER imagery is not available due to cloud cover. Consequently, a feasibility evaluation must be done prior to order acceptance. On 31 October 2003, GeoEye added Terrain Model-2 to our Digital Elevation Model (DEM) product line.
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